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Bakthavachalam Pugazhandhi
Vitamin D, a fat-soluble prohormone, is crucial for calcium homeostasis and bone health. Emerging evidence suggests its broader influence on brain function, particularly synaptic plasticity, cognitive processes, and emotional regulation. This review aims to comprehensively examine the current literature on the role of vitamin D in these crucial aspects of brain function, with a focus on its interplay with the amygdala and hippocampus. We conducted a thorough search of relevant databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, using a combination of keywords related to vitamin D, synaptic plasticity, cognitive function, emotional integration, amygdala, and hippocampus. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to select studies that met specific methodological and quality standards. The results of the review highlight the potential mechanisms through which vitamin D may influence synaptic plasticity, including its effects on neurogenesis, dendritic spine density, and neurotransmitter release. Furthermore, the review explores the association between vitamin D status and cognitive function, including memory, learning, and executive function, as well as emotional processing and regulation. The discussion focuses on the potential clinical implications of these findings, including the potential use of vitamin D supplementation to improve cognitive function, emotional well-being, and mitigate the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, the conclusion summarizes the key findings of the review and identifies areas for future research to further elucidate the role of vitamin D in brain function and its interplay with the amygdala and hippocampus.